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Opens WSQ (FBI's Wavelet Scalar Quantization) and other image file formats.
Supported image formats:
WSQ - FBI''s Wavelet Scalar Quantization
JP2 - JPEG-2000 Part-1
JPC - JPEG-2000 Code Stream
JPG - Joint Photographic Experts Group
PNG - Portable Network Graphics
BMP - Windows Bitmap Graphics
GIF - Compuserve Graphic Interchange Format
WEBP - Web Picture
HEIF - High Efficiency Image File
PBM - Portable Bitmap Format
PGM - Portable Graymap Format
PPM - Portable Pixmap Format
BIN - ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2000 Type-8 signature (Uncompressed scanned binary image data)
BIN - ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2000 Type-8 signature (ANSI/EIA-538-1988 facsimile compression)
WSQ format description
In the USA, fingerprints have traditionally been collected on cards, each card containing the inked impressions of all ten fingers. The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation's fingerprint database began in 1924 with a cataloged collection of 810,188 cards. By the start of World War II, this collection had grown to over 10 million cards, and by 1946 had reached over 100 million cards.
In 1995 this collection was contained on over 200 million cards stored in filing cabinets occupying one acre of floor space in the J. Edgar Hoover building in Washington D.C. and archive size was increasing at the rate of 30,000 to 50,000 new cards per day. Digitization of fingerprint cards seemed to be the most obvious choice and the project named FBI's Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) was started to cope with the design and implementation of a national standard for collecting, encoding, storing, and retrieving digitized fingerprint images. According to the FBI standard fingerprints are stored as 8-bit grayscale images. Each fingerprint card, when digitized at 500 dpi requires about 10 Mbytes of storage. The FBI's entire collection would therefore consume two petabytes (2,000,000,000 megabytes) of electronic storage space.
The need for an effective compression technique was then very urgent. Unfortunately, neither the well-known lossless methods nor the JPEG methods were found to be satisfactory. Most lossy compression methods, such as JPEG, discard the smallest (highest frequency) details in images, and at higher compression ratios unacceptably distort the image. Contained within fingerprints are tiny details that are considered admissible points of identification in a court of law. To JPEG, these details may be regarded as noise and removed. The JPEG quantization matrix also allows blocking artifacts to occur in the image at compression ratios above about 10:1. Shifting bits to the high frequencies to preserve small details will only make the blocking worse. Lossless compression methods, such as LZW and JBIG, cannot achieve the high compression ratios of WSQ on fingerprint data, with 2:1 typically being the best. A new compression technique (with small acceptable loss), called Wavelet Scalar Quantization (WSQ) was developed and it became the FBI standard for the compression of 500 dpi fingerprint images.
WSQ is a lossy compression method that is well-suited for preserving the very high resolution details of grayscale images while maintaining high compression ratios of typically 12:1 to 15:1 on images that have not undergone "quality enhancements" (such as histogram equalization) to improve the appearance of the image.
WSQ file format specifications
Name: FBI's Wavelet Scalar Quantization file format.
Also known as: FBI Fingerprint Format or FBI WSQ
Application: The standard file format used by the FBI for storage and interchange of grayscale fingerprint images
Originator: FBI (U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation)
Type: Bitmap
Colors: 8 bit grayscale
Compression: Wavelet Scalar Quantization
Maximum image size: 64K x 64K
Multiple images per file: No

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